Intimate partner violence and associated factors among HIV positive women attending antiretroviral therapy clinics in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence against women is a behavior within an intimate relationship that causes sexual, physical, or psychological harm to the women. It occurs among all socioeconomic, religious, and cultural groups in all settings, and affects the health of women, families, and the community at large. Determining the magnitude and determinants of intimate partner violence against HIV positive women could help to design preventive and control strategies. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the magnitude and determinants of intimate partner violence against HIV positive women in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of intimate partner violence against HIV positive women in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. METHOD: A facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to May 2021 in selected public health facilities of Gondar city among 626 HIV positive women. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software. Bivariable and Multivariable logistic regression models were done. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to identify determinants of intimate partner violence. Statistical significance was considered at a p value < 0.05. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of intimate partner violence against HIV positive women within the last 12 months was 64.2% (95% CI 60.4, 68.2). Physical violence was the most common type (54.8%), followed by sexual (51.1%) and emotional (48.9%) violence. Intimate partner violence among HIV positive women was associated with women's age 19-24 (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02, 0.79), monthly income of 500-2500 (AOR = 6.5, 95% CI 1.72, 25.0), urban residence (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.13, 0.91), partner drink alcohol (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.42, 4.06), and a husband with no multiple sexual partners (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.34, 0.94). CONCLUSION: The result of this study revealed that intimate partner violence against HIV positive women was found to be high. Thus, protective measures that could increase the community's and women's awareness about the consequences of various forms of violence, and women empowerment are paramount. Priorities in programs of gender-based violence prevention should involve women from rural residences, older age, and males who consume alcohol.

Time to death and its associated factors among infants in sub-Saharan Africa using the recent demographic and health surveys: shared frailty survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: Globally, approximately 4.1 million infants died, accounting for 75% of all under-five deaths. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), infant mortality was 52.7/1000 live births in 2018 This study aimed to assess the pooled estimate of infant mortality rate (IMR), time to death, and its associated factors in SSA using the recent demographic and health survey dataset between 2010 and 2018. METHODS: Data were retrieved from the standard demographic and health survey datasets among 33 SSA countries. A total of 93,765 samples were included. The data were cleaned using Microsoft Excel and STATA software. Data analysis was done using R and STATA software. Parametric shared frailty survival analysis was employed. Statistical significance was declared as a two-side P-value < 0.05. RESULTS: The pooled estimate of IMR in SSA was 51 per 1000 live births (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 46.65-55.21). The pooled estimate of the IMR was 53 in Central, 44 in Eastern, 44 in Southern, and 57 in Western Africa per 1000 live births. The cumulative survival probability at the end of 1 year was 56%. Multiple births (Adjusted Hazard ratio (AHR) = 2.68, 95% CI: 2.54-2.82), low birth weight infants (AHR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.22-1.34), teenage pregnancy (AHR = 1.19, 95 CI: 1.10-1.29), preceding birth interval <  18 months (AHR = 3.27, 95% CI: 3.10-3.45), birth order ≥ four (AHR = 1.14, 95% CI:1.10-1.19), home delivery (AHR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.13), and unimproved water source (AHR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13), female sex (AHR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83-0.89), immediately breastfeed (AHR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.23-0.25), and educated mother (AHR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0. 95) and educated father (AHR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85-0.96) were statistically significant factors for infant mortality. CONCLUSION: Significant number of infants died in SSA. The most common cause of infant death is a preventable bio-demographic factor. To reduce infant mortality in the region, policymakers and other stakeholders should pay attention to preventable bio-demographic risk factors, enhance women education and improved water sources.

Geographic variation and associated factors of long-acting contraceptive use among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: a multi-level and spatial analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data.

BACKGROUND: High fertility rates and unintended pregnancies are public health concerns of lower and middle income countries such as Ethiopia. Long acting contraceptives (LACs) take the lion's share in reducing unintended pregnancies and high fertility rates. Despite their numerous advantages, the utilization of LACs remains low in Ethiopia. This study is aimed to explore the geographic variation and associated factors of long acting contraceptive use among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of weighted sample sizes of 10,439 reproductive-age women were included in the final analysis. To clean and analyze the none-spatial data Stata 14 was used while ArcGIS 10.6 and SaTScanTM version 9.6 software were used for spatial analysis. Multilevel Mixed-effect Logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors of LACs utilization. An Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was reported to identify significant variables. RESULTS: Long acting contraceptive utilization was non-random (Moran's I: 0.30, p-value < 0.01). Statistically, clusters with significant low utilization of LACs were found in Somali, Afar, Gambela, northern Amhara, eastern Oromia and western part of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) regions. Adjusting for other factors such as being married (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.29-4.87), having one to two (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.43-3.22), and three to four children (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.02-2.76), urban (AOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.16-2.19), want no more children (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08-1.83), working status of women (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07-1.65) increased the odds of LACs utilization. While previous history of abortion (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39-0.80), and living in the pastoralist community (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.14-0.35) reduced the odds of LACs utilization in Ethiopia CONCLUSIONS: Significant geographic variation of LACs utilization was observed in Ethiopia. Spots with Low LACs utilization were found in the eastern, north eastern and western part of the country. Socio-demographic and pregnancy related factors were significant determinants of LACs utilization. Designing intervention programs targeting the identified hot spot clusters, and variables that can hinder the utilization of LACs is very important to increase the utilization.

Lower and middle-income countries such as Ethiopia face a challenge of an ever increasing population with high maternal mortality. In Ethiopia, the population is estimated to be more than 110 million. High fertility rates, unintended pregnancy, maternal and child mortalities are the main concerns of the country. Accordingly, it is required of the country to make a robust intervention to limit these public concerns. In relation to this, LACs utilization happens to be one of the solutions to solving the concerns. Despite their efficacy, availability, and acceptability the utilization of LACs remains low and varies among different geographic areas. However, the reason is still undefined and geographic variation was not assessed before.In our study, we analyze the Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016 data to assess the presence of significant geographic variation and associated factors of long-acting contraceptive utilization. Hence, a spatial and multilevel analysis were employed to assess the geographic variation and associated factors of LACs utilization in Ethiopia.A statistically significant geographic variation was observed among different clusters. Clusters with significantly low utilization of LACs were found in the pastoralist (Afar, Gambela, and Somalia) regions of the country. Thus, more organized efforts need to be made to increase the utilization of LACs. Controlling for others: Marital statuses, occupation, future pregnancy interest, urban residence, previous history of abortion, living in the pastoralist community were statistically significant determinant factors of LACs utilization.In conclusion, significant geographic variation of LACs utilization was observed among different clusters. Besides, different socio-demographic, pregnancy, and child health-related variables were significant determinants of LACs utilization.

Prevalence of childhood Cancer among children attending referral hospitals of outpatient Department in Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the pediatrics age group. The problem affects both developed and developing countries. A high mortality rate has been observed in low-income counties. Despite its high fatality rate, less attention has been paid to the problem in developing countries, including Ethiopia. For this reason, childhood cancer is not well documented in the study setting. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of childhood cancer in Ethiopia. METHODS: Institution based cross-sectional study design from January 1, 2019, to March 30, 2019, was conducted in the pediatrics treatment center. A systematic random sampling technique has used to select 1270 children in the pediatric outpatient department. The data were entered using Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. We checked model fitness for the advanced statistical methods, but it was difficult to proceed with logistic regression model to see the association between dependent and explanatory variables because of the unmet x2 assumption. We presented the results by using tables and figures. RESULTS: From the total 1270 study participants, 1257 were included in the final analysis provided that a 98.97% response rate. Out of these, 10(0.8%) children were diagnosed with cancer. Regarding its types, two each, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, Wilms tumor, Hodgkin lymphoma, and one each non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Parotid cancer, Retinoblastoma, and Breast cancer were reported. The prevalence of childhood cancer was 0.9 and 0.7% among male and female children, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Eight children diagnosed with cancer per 1000 children who visited the pediatric outpatient department. Even though childhood cancers have little attention from policymakers, the prevalence of childhood cancer remains prevalent. Therefore, researchers and policymakers shall give special emphasis to childhood cancer.

One-Third of Perinatal Women Living with HIV Had Perinatal Depression in Gondar Town Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Depression is the most common co-morbidity among perinatal women living with HIV. It affects client's adherence to care and treatment, which results in increased viral load; further exposing women to opportunistic infections that reduce quality-of-life. A cumulative effect of these may increase mother-to-child transmission of HIV. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among perinatal women living with HIV in Gondar town health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia from October 1-30, 2018. A single population proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size. The sample was stratified and proportionally allocated to each health facility. Participants were chosen from each stratum independently using a simple random sampling technique. A total of 422 study participants were selected. The World Health Organization (WHO) 20-item self-reported questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to measure perinatal depression among women living with HIV. Perceived stigma was measured using HIV stigma scale. Women were interviewed at the PMTCT clinic during follow-up care, and clinical variables were extracted from client chart. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with perinatal depression. Variables having an odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and a P-value less than 0.05 were taken as significant variables associated with perinatal depression. RESULTS: The prevalence of perinatal depression among women living with HIV was found to be 38.4% (95% CI=34.1-43.1%). Fair and poor ART drug adherence (AOR=5.44; 95% CI= 2.81-10.56%), the presence of comorbid illness (AOR=3.24; 95% CI: 1.83-5.75), being on second line ART (AOR=2.97; 95% CI=1.08-8.17), perceived stigma (AOR=3.61; 95% CI=2.11-6.17), and suicidal ideation (AOR=3.89; 95% CI=1.28-11.81) were factors associated with perinatal depression. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of perinatal depression among women living with HIV was found to be high. Adherence counseling needs to be strengthened; preventing first line treatment failure has to be encouraged; greater emphasis has to be given for those women on second line ART. Early identification and management of co-morbidity has to be considered. HIV positive perinatal women need counseling to reduce HIV-related perceived stigma.

The role of the season at admission in neonatal sepsis: a retrospective chart review of a 1-year data at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Neonatal sepsis is a global public health concern in general and causes a massive burden in developing countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Though it is mostly preventable, neonatal sepsis remained the leading cause of mortality in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the current proportion and identify factors associated with neonatal sepsis to suggest directions. RESULTS: In this study 504 randomly selected neonatal charts were reviewed. The proportion of overall neonatal sepsis was 63.69% (95% CI 59.38, 67.79), where early-onset sepsis was 59.33% (95% CI 54.96, 63.55) and late-onset sepsis was 4.17% (95% CI 2.73, 6.31). Maternal intra-partum fever, season of birth and admission, vaginal mode of delivery and preterm gestational age at birth increased the likelihood of overall and early-onset neonatal sepsis. In conclusion of this study, neonatal sepsis remaining the leading cause of morbidity among younger infants. Intra-partum conditions were major contributors to neonatal sepsis. Thus, providing emphasis on associated factors in particular and universal safe obstetric care in general is recommended.

Body mass index variation over time and associated factors among HIV-positive adults on second-line ART in north-west Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the evolution of body mass index (BMI) of HIV-positive adults on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) over time and factors affecting it in north-west Ethiopia. DESIGN: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted using data extracted from 1016 patient cards from February 2008 to February 2016. SETTING: Eight referral hospitals from Amhara region, Ethiopia were included. PARTICIPANTS: HIV patients who started second-line ART. OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in BMI since starting second-line ART. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirty-eight (52.95%) participants were males and the median age of the participants was 33 years (IQR: 28; 39). The median follow-up time was 18 months (IQR: 5.2; 32.2). The average change of BMI showed linear increase over time. The amount of BMI increment or decrement according to each variable was shown as ß coefficients. Treatment duration (ß=0.013, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.022), isoniazid prophylaxis (ß=0.87, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.42), cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (ß=0.63, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.19), ambulatory functional status (ß=-1.16, 95% CI -1.95 to 1.31), bedridden functional status (ß=-1.83, 95% CI -2.47 to 1.21), WHO stage III (ß=-0.42, 95% CI -0.65 to 0.20), WHO stage IV (ß=-0.62, 95% CI -1.02 to 0.22), CD4 count (ß=0.001, 95% CI 0.0008 to 0.0015), and time interaction of variables like tertiary educational status (ß=0.02, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.04), ambulatory functional status (ß=0.03, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.05) and WHO stages III (ß=0.01, 95% CI 0.007 to 0.02) were found to be significant predictors. CONCLUSION: The BMI of patients has shown linear increment over the treatment time. Factors affecting it have been identified but its effect on cardiovascular disease needs further study.

Stunting and Its Determinants among Adolescent Girls: Findings from the Nutrition Surveillance Project, Northwest Ethiopia.

Under nutrition among adolescents is a major public health problem in Ethiopia and its causes are under investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of stunting and its determinants among adolescent girls in Dabat district. A total of 1556 adolescent girls were included in the study. The WHO's Anthro-plus software was used to generate the height for age z-scores. Variables having a p-value<0.2 in the simple logistic regression were entered into multiple logistic regression and a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. About 47.4%(95%CI; 45.0, 49.6%) of adolescent girls were stunted. Being in the early (AOR = 0.027, 95%CI: 0.08, 0.09) and middle age (AOR = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.71) were less likely to be stunted compared with the late adolescent. The odds of stunting were found to be higher among adolescent of rural area (AOR = 1.45; 95%CI: 1.01, 2.10) and from household food in-secured (AOR = 1.33; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.73)families. Higher numbers of adolescent girls are stunted in Dabat district, suggesting severe public health importance of the problem. Age, residence and food security were associated with adolescent stunting. Thus, improving food security strategies targeting rural and food insecure households is recommended. Abbreviations: AOR= Adjusted Odd Ratio,CI= Confidence Interval, COR= Crude Odd Ratio, ENSSPI=Establishing Nutrition Surveillance System and Piloting Interventions HAZ=Height for Age, HDSS=Health and Demographic Surveillance System, HFSS=Household Food Security Status, INDEPTH=International Network of Demographic Evaluation of Population and Their Health, IQR=Inter Quartile Range, NNP=National Nutrition Program, NSHFP=National School Health and Feeding Program, SPSS=Statically Package for Social Science, WHO= World Health Organization.

Adherence to self-care recommendations and associated factors among adult heart failure patients. From the patients' point of view.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, heart failure (HF) related morbidity and mortality rate is increasing globally. Younger populations happen to be more affected by HF in sub- Saharan African than the western countries. Even though medications, low sodium diet, regular exercise, and weight monitoring are essential to control heart failure symptoms and its exacerbation, poor adherence to these self-care recommendations is contributing to an increased in hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to assess heart failure patients' adherence to self-care recommendations and its associated factors. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 310 adult heart failure patients attending Gondar University referral hospital from February to May 2017. The participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through face to face interview and from the patients' medical records. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. A binary logistic regression model was used to check the effect of different factors on the patients' adherence level. RESULTS: Of 310 study participants only 22.3% (95% CI, 17.4%-26.8%) of heart failure patients reported good adherence to their self-care recommendations. Adherence to self-care recommendation was positively associated with being male in gender (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.18-4.62), good level of heart failure knowledge (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.276-4.856) and free from chronic comorbid diseases (AOR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.28-5.14). CONCLUSION: Overall, heart failure patients' adherence to self-care recommendations is poor and selective. Being male in gender, had no chronic comorbidity, and a good level of heart failure knowledge were positively associated with adherence to self-care recommendations. It is therefore strategic to plan improving heart failure patients' knowledge about heart failure signs, symptoms and its management approaches, to improve the patients' adherence level.

Food handling practice and associated factors among food handlers in public food establishments, Northwest Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess food handling practice and associated factors among food handlers in public food establishments, Northwest Ethiopia. RESULTS: In this study a total of 416 food handlers were participated with a response rate of 416 (98.6%). Proportion of good food handling practice was 167 (40.1%) [95% CI (confidence interval): 35.10, 44.50]. Work experience [AOR (adjusted odds ratio):1.95, 95% CI 1.11, 3.45], good attitude (AOR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.04, 3.72), secondary school education level (AOR 2.91, CI 1.20, 7.01), diploma and above education level (AOR 4.33, 95% CI 1.41, 13.31), use of three compartment dish-washing system (AOR 2.47, CI 1.27, 4.80) and use of refrigerator (AOR 3.93, CI 1.79, 8.63) were factors statistically associated with good food handling practice. This study indicated that food handling practice was relatively poor. Work experience, good attitude, level of education, use of three compartment dishwashing systems and refrigerator were factors associated with food handling practice. Hence, structuring the kitchen with modern dish washing system and refrigerator would enhance good food handling practice.

Incidence of diabetes retinopathy and determinants of time to diabetes retinopathy among diabetes patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study.

OBJECTIVE: Data regarding diabetes retinopathy and associated factors are currently lacking in Ethiopia. The study aims to determine the incidence and determinants of time to diabetes retinopathy among diabetes mellitus patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. RESULTS: The incidence of diabetes retinopathy is a rapidly growing burden of disease in Ethiopia. The incidence rate of diabetes retinopathy was 2.65 (95% CI 2. 54, 4.05) per 1000 person-years observation. Moreover, 70 (18.57%, 95% CI 14.63, 22.5) DM patients developed diabetes retinopathy. The median time was 74.07 months (with IQR 53.60, 89.88). Male sex (AHR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.10, 3.39), type 2 DM (AHR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.34, 12.00), creatinine (AHR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.91, 3.52), borderline triglyceride (AHR = 2.87, 95% CI 1.33, 6.21) and high triglyceride levels (AHR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.31, 4.97) were positively correlated factors to diabetes retinopathy occurrence. Multisectoral, population-based approaches are needed to reduce type 2 DM complications.

Folic acid usage and associated factors in the prevention of neural tube defects among pregnant women in Ethiopia: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Neural tube defects are among the most common birth defects, contributing to miscarriage, infant mortality, severe congenital abnormalities and serious disabilities. It is burdensome to patients, caregivers, healthcare systems and society. It could be reduced if women consume a folic acid supplement before and during the early weeks of pregnancy. This study assesses folic acid usage and associated factors for the prevention of neural tube defects among pregnant women in Ethiopia. METHODS: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted on 417 systematically sampled, consented pregnant women that visited Adama hospital medical college for antenatal care during August to November 2014. Pretested interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic, obstetric characteristics and folic acid usage of women. RESULT: About 48.4% of women took a folic acid supplement at different period of pregnancy; but, only 1.92% of women took the supplement at a protective period against neural tube defects. Age, the early timing of antenatal registration, was a preconception consulted, previous unsuccessful pregnancies and level of folic acid awareness were significantly associated with folic acid usage for prevention of neural tube defects. CONCLUSIONS: Folic acid usage during the protective period against neural tube defects among women in Ethiopia is very low, so healthcare plan to improve intake of folic acid is required.

Factors associated with late Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diagnosis among peoples living with it, Northwest Ethiopia: hospital based unmatched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Early HIV diagnosis and access to treatment is one of the most effective ways to prevent its further spread and to protect the health of those living with the virus. However, delay in diagnosis is the major risk factor for uptake of and response to antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: Institution-based unmatched case-control study design was used in the study. The study was conducted in Debre-Markos and Finote-Selam Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. Cases were people living with HIV who had CD4 count <350cells/mm3 or WHO clinical stage III and IV regardless of the CD4 count at first presentation and controls were those who had CD4 count ≥350cells/mm3 or WHO clinical stage I and II. If both criteria were available, the CD4 count was used in the study as World Health Organization recommended. A total of 392 respondents (196 cases and 196 controls) were recruited and selected systematically. The data were collected by trained nurses using chart review and interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression Model was used to identify the factors associated with late HIV diagnosis. RESULTS: About 95.9 % of study participants provided complete response. Having no understanding, compared to having understanding, about HIV/AIDS (AOR = 1.7, 95 %CI = 1.08-2.79) and ART (AOR = 2.1, 95 %CI: 1.25-3.72), being tested as a result of symptoms/ illness, compared to being tested for risk exposure (inverted AOR =2.5, 95 %CI: 1.64-4.76), and acquiring HIV through sexual contact, compared to acquiring it through other modes (AOR = 2.5, 95 %CI = 1.52-4.76) were positively and independently associated with late HIV diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike perceived HIV stigma, having no understanding about HIV and ART, being tested for presence of symptoms/illness, and acquiring HIV through sexual contact were independent and significant factors for late HIV diagnosis.

Determinants of default to fully completion of immunization among children aged 12 to 23 months in south Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Immunization is a cost effective interventions of vaccine preventable disease. There is still, 2.5 million children die by vaccine preventable disease every year in developing countries. In Ethiopia, default to fully completion of child immunization is high and determinants of default to completions are not explored well in the study setting. The aim of the study was to identify determinants of default to fully completion of immunization among children between ages 12 to 23 months in Sodo Zurea District, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: Community based unmatched case-control study was conducted. Census was done to identify cases and controls before the actual data collection. A total of 344 samples (172 cases and 172 controls) were selected by simple random sampling technique. Cases were children in the age group of 12 to 23 months old who missed at least one dose from the recommended schedule. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinant factors. Odds ratio, 95%CI and p - value less than 0.05 was used to measure the presence and strength of the association. RESULTS: Mothers of infants who are unable to read and write (AOR=8.9; 95%CI: 2.4, 33.9) and attended primary school (AOR=4.1; 95% CI:1.4-15.8), mothers who had no postnatal care follow up (AOR=0.4; 95%CI: 0.3, 0.7), good maternal knowledge towards immunization (AOR= 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8) and maternal favorable perception towards uses of health institution for maternal and child care (AOR= 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.6) were significant determinant factors to default to fully completion of immunization. CONCLUSION: Working on maternal education, postnatal care follow up, promoting maternal knowledge and perception about child immunization are recommended measures to mitigate defaults to complete immunization.

Fertility desire among HIV-positive women in Tigray region, Ethiopia: implications for the provision of reproductive health and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services.

BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of the difficult reproductive decisions faced by HIV-positive women. Studies in both resource-constrained and developed countries have suggested that many HIV-positive women continue to desire children in spite of their understanding of the possible risks that HIV poses. This study investigates the factors associated with fertility desire among HIV-positive women in Tigray region, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 964 HIV-positive women receiving HIV care in 12 health centers of Tigray region. In each health center, the number of study participants was allocated proportionally to the load of HIV-positive women in the chronic care clinics. A descriptive summary of the data and a logistic regression model were used to identify factors associated with fertility desire using odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and P-value of 0.05. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty nine (45.5%) of the participants reported a desire to have children in the future. Eighty six percent of the women had given birth to at least one live baby at the time of study, with the median number of live births being 2 (Inter quartile range = 1,3). Women in the age group of 15-24 years [AOR = 2.64(95% CI: 1.44, 4.83)] and 25-34 years [AOR = 2.37 (95% CI: 1.60, 2.4 3.50)] had higher fertility desire as compared to women in the age group of 35-49 years. Having no children [AOR = 25.76 (95% CI: 13.66, 48.56)], having one to two children [AOR = 5.14 (95% CI: 3.37, 7.84)] and disclosing HIV status to husband/sexual partner [AOR = 1.74 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.72)] were all independently associated with fertility desire. CONCLUSIONS: Age, HIV disclosure status to husband/sexual partner, and relatively few live children were all found to influence HIV-positive women's fertility desire. Programmers and policy makers should consider the effects of these factors for HIV-positive women as they develop HIV/AIDS interventions.

Contraceptive utilization and associated factors among HIV positive women on chronic follow up care in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In sub-Sahara Africa, more than 60% of all new HIV infections are occurring in women, infants and young children. Maternal to child transmission is responsible for 90% of childhood HIV infection. Preventing unwanted pregnancy among HIV positive women is imperative to reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 964 HIV positive women in selected 12 health centers of Tigray region. In this paper, analysis was restricted only for 847 women who were sexually active and non-pregnant. In each health center the number of study participants was allocated proportionally to the load of HIV positive women in chronic care clinics. The data were entered into EpiData version 3.1, and cleaned and analyzed using Stata version 11.1. Descriptive summary of data and logistic regression were used to identify possible predictors using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and P-value of 0.05. FINDINGS: Three hundred ninety four (46.5%) of all HIV positive women had intension to have more children. Three hundred seventy five (44.3%) were using contraceptive methods at time of survey. Injectable (70.7%) and male condom (47.6%) were most commonly used type of contraceptives. In the multivariable analysis, women who were urban dwellers (AOR = 2.55; 95% CI: 1.27, 5.02), completed primary education (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.86) and those openly discussed about contraceptive methods with their husbands or sexual partners (AOR = 6.3; 95% CI: 3.42, 11.76) were more likely to use contraceptive. Women who have one or more living children were also more likely to use contraceptive compared with women with no child. CONCLUSION: Less than half of women used contraceptive methods. The use of condoms could impact unintended pregnancies and reduced risks of vertical and sexual transmission. Efforts to increase contraceptive utilization focusing on the barrier methods should be strengthen in HIV/AIDS chronic care units.